It used to be that once you decided on a career, you stayed in that career until you retired.
Not so anymore: The notion of lifetime employment has been replaced with lifetime employability. This means that you can't rely on your employers to maintain your employment: You alone are responsible for your career progression and development.
Career management and planning in this environment is a challenge. So that you remain satisfied and fulfilled by the work you are doing, you need to adjust your career development activities accordingly.
Career development is no longer only about gaining the skills and knowledge you need to move up within one company. Career development today is about achieving flexibility and continuously evaluating and developing your skills in order to remain employable and fulfilled over the long term, regardless of who you are working for, and what industry you are working in.
To achieve this level of flexibility, you need to have a very strong sense of who you are and what you want from your work. Not everyone is motivated by the same thing, and our ambitions vary greatly. Some people thrive on being creative and innovative whereas others prefer stability and continuity. Challenge and constant simulation may be important to one person, while creating a work/life balance is paramount to another.
So, to effectively manage your career, you need to know more than what you enjoy doing: You need to understand WHY you like to do it. You need to figure out what the underlying characteristics of the work are that make the task enjoyable, interesting and stimulating to you.
To help people answer this question, Edgar Schein, a specialist in organizational psychology and career dynamics, identified eight "career anchors."
Understanding the Theory
Schein’s theory is that everyone has a “dominant career anchor” and that by identifying your particular career anchor, you can determine the careers and roles that will provide the most satisfaction. For example, if “service” is your career anchor, then you could choose from a wide range of career options that allow you to serve others. If your preference is to “manage”, you can manage people in a variety of industries and across many types of jobs.
Schein has identified eight career anchors, or themes, that define a person’s preference for one type of work environment over another. The idea is that once you have determined your dominant theme, you can then identify the types of positions that give you the greatest satisfaction, and plan your career accordingly.
Career Anchors – include talents, motives, values and attitudes which give stability and direction to a person’s career – it is the ‘motivator’ or ‘driver’ of that person.
A career anchor is the one element in your self-concept that you will not give up, even in the face of difficult choices.
Identify your career anchors and how well you perceive these to match your current job
Edgar Schein at MIT identified eight career anchor themes (see table below) and has shown that people will have prioritized preferences for them. Schein identified these career anchors to enable people to recognize their preferences for certain areas in their job.
For example a person with a primary theme of Security/Stability will seek secure and stable employment over, say, employment that is challenging and riskier. People tend to stay anchored in one area and their career will echo this in many ways.
Understanding your preference will help you plan your career in a way that is most satisfying to you. For example, a person with a primary theme of security/stability will seek secure and stable employment over employment that is challenging and riskier. People will be more fulfilled in their careers if they can acknowledge their career anchors and seek jobs that are appropriate for these.
| Career anchor category | Traits |
| Technical/functional competence | This kind of person likes being good at something and will work to become a guru or expert They like to be challenged and then use their skills to meet the challenge, doing the job properly and better than almost anyone else |
| Managerial competence | These people want to be managers They like problem-solving and dealing with other people They thrive on responsibility To be successful, they also need emotional competence |
| Autonomy/independence | These people have a primary need to work under their own rules and ‘steam’ They avoid standards and prefer to work alone |
| Security/stability | These people seek stability and continuity as a primary factor of their lives They avoid risk and are generally ‘lifers’ in their job |
| Entrepreneurial creativity | These people like to invent things, be creative and most of all to run their own businesses They differ from those who seek autonomy in that they will share the workload They find ownership very important They get easily bored Wealth, for them, is a sign of success |
| Service/dedication to a cause | Service-orientated people are driven more by how they can help other people than by using their talents They may work in public services or in areas such as human resources |
| Pure challenge | People driven by challenge seek constant stimulation and difficult problems that they can tackle Such people will change jobs when the current one gets boring, and their career can be varied |
| Lifestyle | Those who are focused first on lifestyle look at their whole pattern of living Rather than balance work and life, they are more likely to integrate the two They may even take long periods of time off work in which to indulge in passions such as travelling |
With the themes identified by Schein in mind, complete the table below – this will help you identify how well suited you are to your current job. By completing this tool, it may highlight that you are in the right sort of job or that you need a change if you are going to succeed in your desired career path. This may be a positive thing as it will give you insight into your future goals and objectives.
Identify your career anchors and how well you perceive these to match your current job:
| Schein career anchor | How important is this aspect of your career to you (score out of 5, where 0 is not important and 5 is vital) | How does this match with your current post? (score out of 5, where 0 is not important and 5 is vital) |
| Technical/functional competence | | |
| Managerial competence | | |
| Autonomy/independence | | |
| Security/stability | | |
| Entrepreneurial creativity | | |
| Service/dedication to a cause | | |
| Pure challenge | | |
| Lifestyle | | |
An alternative way of using the Career Anchors:
| Career Anchors | My motivator or driver | Implications for me. |
| Technical and Functional Competence – what you would not give up is the opportunity to apply your skills in the area of technical/functional competence and develop those skills to a high level. | | |
| Managerial Competence – what you would not give up is the opportunity to climb to a high enough level in the organisation. You want to be responsible for total results; you seek challenging assignments and leadership opportunities. | | |
| Autonomy and Independence – what you would not give up is the opportunity to define your own work in your own way, in your own time, to your own standards. You would turn down opportunities for advancement in order to retain autonomy. | | |
| Security and Stability – what you would not give up is employment security. Your main concern is to achieve a sense of having succeeded so that you can relax; you are concerned about financial security and less concerned with work content and rank in the organisation. | | |
| Entrepreneurial Creativity – what you would not give up is the opportunity to create your own organisation or enterprise. You are restless by nature, constantly require new creative challenges and are willing to take risks and overcome obstacles. | | |
| AND | |
| Variety - why do you seek variety? What are your range of talents and drivers that you wish to fulfil? | | |
| Power, Influence and Control – Do you enjoy controlling others? How important is this to you? | | |
| Service to others - do you get a lot of satisfaction in helping others? Is this important to your lifestyle? | | |
| Basic Identity - do you prefer to wear a uniform or something similar? | |
What next?
Is there a mismatch between what career anchors you rate as being most important to you and those that relate to your current situation?
- You could discuss the completed table: Identify your career anchors and how well you perceive these to match your current job, with your career mentor, partner at home or a trusted friend.
- If you find that most things you value are not part of your current job, this might give you the impetus to make some specific career plans and move on.
- If you find there is a good match, you are likely to be in the right job or role.
Using Careers Anchors
The thought of a career change can be confusing, stressful, and scary for some. Others seize the chance to make a change for the better, even if it means a shift in income, location, lifestyle or training.
Changing to a trade-based career may be an option for people who prefer practical roles, hands-on work, specialized skills or the desire to work for themselves and not be confined to an office.
So, if you’re having trouble dragging yourself out of bed and off to work – here are some tips for career changing:
- Think about what you really enjoy doing
You can structure the following activity to help you discover your passion and/or strengths:
List 5 things you love doing
List 5 things you love doing AND you’re good at (they could include the first 5 activities, but they might not!)
Think about whether any of the above fall into an occupational group – for example, a person who love turning wood probably will enjoy carpentry or joinery (Building & Construction). Someone that loves clothes and can draw may be well suited to clothing design, manufacturing, costume making or millinery (Manufacturing). If you like the outdoors, active careers can be found in landscaping, horticulture or building (Rural & Farming).
- Think about the achievements you would value in life
Expert on organisational leadership and culture, Edgar Schein identified 8 career anchors. These anchors are what drives people to success. Once you discover your career anchors (i.e. what drives you) you can focus your career more effectively.
To discover your career anchors – List the 8 anchors on paper and spend half an hour ordering them in priority according to what drives you, and what’s important to you. Then, come back to the 8 in two days time and see if you’d swap anything around. This activity can provide real clarity about what it is you want in life and what work, career or trade skill you might enjoy.
- Seek feedback from others about what you’re good at
In your workplace, school, tech or your family there are people around you who may have valuable feedback about your strengths and weaknesses. Playing to your strengths make sense. There’s little use in being passionate about gardening if you are really a black thumb. It’s important to focus on passions with a dose of reality – rather than daydreaming.
Ask them what they think you’re good at. Ask them if they have observed you doing something with real interest, engagement and enjoyment. Knowing how other people see you and have observed you can be a real insight to yourself.
- Research the options for re-training
By now you may have identified one or two real possibilities for a career based on a greater understanding of your passion, strengths and career anchors. Now’s the time to research what skills are required to get there. You can watch all sorts of videos on this site that explore the passions other people have discovered in skilled trades. You can also search profiles on other career sites or the Internet generally. You can also read our guide on How to get an Apprenticehip if your career path requires it.
- Put a plan in place to do it!
If you’re a school leaver – you’ll need to plan the 5 key steps to getting where you want to be – will you need an apprenticeship? What training must you enrol in? By when should you find an employer? Write yourself a short list and go!
If you’ve just finished studying or are mid-career and looking for a change – you’ll need to plan the 5 changes to make in your life to get there. Will you need to quit your job or can the company accommodate you in the field of your choice? Can you change to an apprenticeship program or do you need a different employer? Do you need to relocate or change salaries for a short period while retraining? Creating a plan will give you the confidence to follow through.
If you’re a senior manager or corporate defector you may be lucky enough to have acquired wealth and be able to make the change with little risk and some time on your side. If you have family commitments, a mortgage or other debts, you plan needs to reconsider what material aspects of you life need to be modified to reduce the pressure of earning a high income while you are changing careers and retraining.
References
- Schein, Edgar H, (1990 & 1996). Career Anchors (discovering your real values), Jossey-Bass Pfeiffer
However, if the tendency to pick up negative things is still strong, fret not, you can always do a twist in your mind as such:
